Troubleshooting inoita basa rakakosha mukuona kuvimbika kwefiber optic chigamba tambokubatana. Matambudziko akadai sekukotama kurasikirwa, kurasikirwa kwesplice, uye kurasikirwa kwekuisa kunowanzo kukanganisa kuita. Loose connectors, overbending, uye zvakatipoteredza zvinhu zvinowedzera kuomesa network kugadzikana. Proactive kugadzirisa, kunyanya zvezvikamu zvakaita se duplex fiber optic patch tambo kana armored fiber optic chigamba tambo, inoderedza njodzi. Kugara uchiongororwa kweSC chigamba tambo uye LC chigamba tambo dzinobatsira kuona nyaya nekukurumidza, kudzivirira inodhura nguva yekudzikira.
Key Takeaways
- Chenesa fiber optic zvinobatanidza kazhinji kuti zvichengetedze zvisina tsvina. Iri basa riri nyore rinobatsira kuderedza matambudziko echiratidzo uye kuchengetedza network ichishanda nemazvo.
- Tarisa zvinobatanidza netambokazhinji kukuvadza kana kupfeka. Kuwana matambudziko nekukurumidza kunogona kumisa nyaya hombe uye kuchengetedza kubatana kwakasimba.
- Shandisa maturusi akakodzerakuenzanisa zvibatanidza panguva yekuseta. Kurongeka kwakakodzera kunovandudza kuyerera kwechiratidzo uye kunoita kuti network ishande zvirinani.
Zviso Zvakasviba Zviso muFiber Optic Patch Cords
Zvinokonzera Kusvibiswa
Kusvibiswa pane fiber optic chigamba tambo yekupedzisira zviso ndicho chikonzero chinotungamira chekudzikira kwechiratidzo. Dust particles, zvigunwe zvigunwe mafuta, uye hunyoro zvinowanzo ungana pazvibatanidza, zvichivharira nzira yechiratidzo. Kunyangwe zvimedu zvidiki se5-6 microns zvinogona kukanganisa kutapurirana. Electrostatic charges inogadzirwa nekukwesha inokwezva huruva kune yekubatanidza yekupedzisira kumeso, zvichiwedzera kuipa nyaya. Izvi zvinosvibisa hazvingovhari mwenje chete asiwo zvinoshandura iyo refractive index, zvichikonzera chromatic aberration uye kurasikirwa kwekuisa. Nokufamba kwenguva, zvikwambo kana kutsemuka zvinogona kukura, zvichikonzera kukuvara zvachose uye kuderedzwa kwekuita.
Mashandiro Ekuchenesa Anoshanda
Maitiro ekuchenesa akakodzera akakosha kuchengetedza kushanda kwefiber optic patch tambo. Kuchenesa kwemvura, kushandisa pre-yakanyoroveswa wipes kana solvents, zvinobudirira kubvisa zvakasindimara zvakasara. Lint-free wipes, yakasanganiswa nekunyorovesa kupukuta, inodzivirira kukwenya. Kune nzvimbo dzakavharirwa, swabs kana matanda akakodzera. Dzvanya-ku-kuchenesa maturusi anopa kuchenesa nekukurumidza uye kwakanaka munzvimbo dzepamusoro-density. Kunyorova-ku-kuoma kwekuchenesa nzira, uko kunyungudika kunoshandiswa uye kupukuta kubva kune mvura kusvika kunzvimbo dzakaoma, kunovimbisa kubviswa kwakakwana kwezvinosvibisa. Zvigadziriso zvepamberi, zvakaita sezvinonyungudutsa zveokisijeni, zvinoderedza static charges uye zvinobuda nekukasira, zvichisiya pasina chasara.
| Kuchenesa Technique | Tsanangudzo |
|---|---|
| Wet Cleaning | Inoshandisa zvipukuta zvakanyura kana zvinonyungudutsa kunyungudutsa zvinosvibisa. |
| Lint-Yemahara Wipes | Inobvisa zvidimbu pasina kukwenya pamusoro. |
| Dzvanya-ku-Kuchenesa Zvishandiso | Inotumira tepi yekuchenesa yekukurumidza kucheneswa mune dense setups. |
| Wet-to-Dry Cleaning | Inosanganisa solvent application ine yakaoma yekupukuta yekuchenesa kunoshanda. |
Nguva Yekutsiva Yakakuvadzwa Connectors
Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kuchenesa kunogona kusadzoreredza kushanda kwefiber optic patch cord. Makwara akadzika, makomba, kana kutsemuka pachiso chekubatanidza chinotaridza kukuvadzwa kusingagadzirike. Kana kuchenesa kukatadza kuvandudza mashandiro kana kana kurasikirwa kwekuisa kuchiramba, kutsiva chinongedzo kunove kuri madikanwa. Kuongorora nguva dzose kunobatsira kuziva nyaya dzakadai kare, kudzivirira kumwe kukanganiswa kwetiweki.
Misalignment muFiber Optic Patch Cord Connections
Zvikonzero zveConnector Misalignment
Connector misalignment inyaya inowanzoitika mufiber optic systems. Izvo zvinoitika kana iyo optical fiber cores ikatadza kuenderana nemazvo, zvichitungamira kune yakakwira kufungisisa uye yekuisa kurasikirwa. Zvikonzero zvakajairika zvinosanganisira kusakwana kwekubatanidza kuisa, kutadza kwekupedzisira-kumeso geometry, kana kutadza kwepini yekutungamira. Misalignment inogonawo kubva pakubata zvisina kunaka panguva yekuisa kana kugadzirisa.Splice issues, kunyange zvazvo zvisingawanzoitiki, zvinogonawo kukonzera matambudziko ekurongeka. Aya matambudziko anokanganisa kutapurirana kwechiratidzo, kuderedza kushanda kwese kwetiweki.
Alignment Zvishandiso uye Matekiniki
Kurongeka kwakakodzerazvishandiso uye matekiniki akakosha pakugadzirisa nyaya dzekusarongeka. Ferrule alignment sleeves anobatsira kuve nechokwadi chekuenzanisa kwepakati nekubata zvinobatanidza zvakachengetedzeka munzvimbo. Visual fault locators (VFLs) inoshanda pakuona zvisizvo kubatana nekubudisa red laser light kuburikidza nefiber. Vanamazvikokota vanogona zvakare kushandisa optical time-domain reflectometers (OTDRs) kuona uye kuongorora zvikanganiso zvekugadzirisa. Pakugadziridzwa kwemaoko, zvigadziriso zvekugadzirisa uye maikorosikopu zvinopa iyo chaiyo inodiwa kuti uwane yakakwana core positioning. Kugarogadziriswa kwezvishandiso izvi kunovimbisa kushanda kwakafanana.
Kuve nechokwadi Chakakodzera TX uye RX Strand Alignment
Kuchengeta chaiyo TX (kutumira) uye RX (gashira) strand kurongeka kwakakosha pakukurukurirana kusingapindiki. Technicians anofanirwa kuona kuti TX strand yeimwe yekubatanidza inowirirana neRX strand yeinoenderana yekubatanidza. Kunyora tambo uye zvibatanidza zvinoderedza njodzi yekuyambuka-makonesheni. Panguva yekuisa, kutevera mazano emugadziri kunovimbisa kurongeka kwakakodzera. Kuongorora uye kuyedza kunobatsira kuona nekugadzirisa chero kusarongeka kusati kwakanganisa kuita kwetiweki. Aya maitiro anowedzera kuvimbika kwefiber optic patch cord cord connections.
Kuona uye Kudzivirira Mhosho dzeCable
Mhando Dzakajairika dzeCable Faults
Fiber optic tambo dzinowanzoenda kune akati wandei marudzi ezvikanganiso zvinogona kukanganisa network kuita. Izvi zvinosanganisira:
- Kurasikirwa: Signal attenuation inokonzerwa nekusabatana kwakashata kana tambo dzakakuvadzwa.
- Kusvibiswa: Guruva kana marara pamakonikisheni anotungamira kune kusadzika kwechiratidzo.
- Breaks: Kukuvadzwa kwemuviri kune tambo, kazhinji kubva pakubata zvisina kunaka.
- Makwara: Kukuvadzwa kwechiso pazvibatanidza zvinokanganisa kutapurirana kwechiedza.
- Kukanganisa kubatana: Yakasununguka kana isina kuisirwa zvibatanidza.
- Bends: Kubhenda kwakanyanya kunodarika tambo shoma yekubhenda radius, zvichikonzera kurasikirwa kwechiratidzo.
Kunzwisisa izvi zvinowanzoitika kunobatsira matekiniki kuona uye kugadzirisa matambudziko nemazvo.
Zvishandiso Zvekuziva Zvikanganiso
Vanamazvikokota vanovimba nezvishandiso zvine hunyanzvi kuona uye kuongorora kukanganisa kwetambo. Zvishandiso zvinonyanya kushandiswa zvinosanganisira:
- Visual fault locators (VFLs): Bvisa mwenje dzvuku kuburikidza nefayibha kuratidza mabhureki, mabhendi, kana kusabatana zvakanaka.
- Fiber optic testers: Kuyera simba rechiratidzo uye kugadzirisa dambudziko retiweki.
- Optical time domain reflectometers (OTDRs): Ongorora iyo yose fiber link kuti uone zvikanganiso.
- Fiber optic maikorosikopu: Ongorora nzvimbo dzekubatanidza kuti dzione kusvibiswa kana kukwenya.
- Mamita emagetsi uye magetsi: Edza mazinga emagetsi emagetsi kuti uone kurasikirwa kwechiratidzo.
Zvishandiso izvi zvinopa kuongororwa kwakaringana, zvichigonesa kugadzirisa nekukurumidza kwezvinhu zvefiber optic.
Mazano ekudzivisa Kukuvadzwa KweCable
Kudzivirira kukanganisa kwetamboinotanga nekubata kwakakodzera uye maitiro ekuisa. Tevedza aya matipi kuchengetedza kutendeseka kwefiber optic tambo:
- Bata tambo nekungwarira kudzivirira kukuvadzwa kwemuviri.
- Shandisa tambo dzemhando yepamusoro uye zvibatanidza zvekuvimbika kwenguva refu.
- Dzivisa overbending cables panguva yekuisa kuchengetedza chiratidzo chekuvimbika.
- Geza majoini nguva dzose kudzivirira kusvibiswa.
- Dhonza tambo nenhengo dzavo dzakasimba, kwete bhachi, kudzivirira kukanganisa mukati.
Nekuita maitiro aya, matekinoroji anogona kuderedza njodzi yekukanganisa uye kuve nechokwadi chekuita kwakavimbika kwefiber optic patch tambo.
Kugadzirisa Kupinza Kurasika muFiber Optic Patch Cords
Kunzwisisa Kurasika Kwekuisa
Kurasika kwekuisa kunoreva kudzikiswa kwesimba rekuona sezvo mwenje unopfuura nepafiber optic system. Iyo yakakosha parameter inobata zvakananga kuita kwefiber optic network. Semuyenzaniso:
- Multimode fiber inosangana chete ne0.3 dB (3%) chiratidzo chekurasikirwa pamusoro pe100 metres, nepo Chikamu 6A tambo dzemhangura dzinorasikirwa ingangoita gumi nemaviri dB (94%) pamusoro pechinhambwe chimwe chete.
- High-speed applications se 10GBASE-SR uye 100GBASE-SR4 ine yakasimba yekuisa kurasikirwa miganho ye2.9 dB uye 1.5 dB, zvichiteerana, pamusoro pe400 metres.
Mabhajeti ekurasikirwa, akaverengerwa panguva yechikamu chekugadzira, anovimbisa kutevedzera izvi zvakatemwa, kuchengetedza yakakwana network performance.
| Application | Maximum Insertion Loss | Distance |
|---|---|---|
| 10GBASE-SR | 2.9dB | 400 mamita |
| 100GBASE-SR4 | 1.5 dB | 400 mamita |
| Multimode Fiber | 0.3 dB (3% kurasikirwa) | 100 metres |
Kuedza Kurasika Kwechiratidzo
Kuedza chaiko kwakakosha kuona uye kugadzirisa kurasikirwa kwekuisa mufiber optic chigamba tambo. Nzira dzakajairika dzinosanganisira:
| Testing Method | Tsanangudzo |
|---|---|
| Optical Loss Test Sets (OLTS) | Inoyera kurasikirwa kwechiedza chakazara mufiber optic link pasi pekutevedzera network mamiriro. |
| Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) | Inotumira mwenje wemagetsi kuona kukanganisa, kubhenda, uye kurasikirwa kwepakati nekuongorora kwakapararira kana kuratidzwa chiedza. |
| Visual Fault Locator (VFL) | Inoshandisa mwenje welaser inooneka kuona mabhuroka uye mabhendi akasimba mufiber optic tambo. |
Technicians vanowanzo shandisa OLTS yezviyero chaizvo, vachishandisa mwenje sosi kune imwe mugumo uye mita yemagetsi kune imwe. Encircled flux (EF) yekumisikidza mamiriro inoderedza kuyerwa kusavimbika, kuve nechokwadi chemhedzisiro yakavimbika.
Kuderedza Kurasika Kwekuisa
Kuderedza kurasikirwa kwekuisa kunoda kusanganiswa kwekunyatsoronga uye nzira dzekuisa dzakakodzera. Mazano anoshanda anosanganisira:
- Kupukuta nekuchenesa fiber kunopera kubvisa zvinosvibisa.
- Kuderedza kupera kwemagumo panguva yekubatanidza kuderedza kurasikirwa kwechiratidzo.
- Kubatanidza mafiibha esaizi imwechete kudzivirira kusawirirana.
Pamusoro pezvo, kwakaringana kuisa kurasikirwa bhajeti panguva yedhizaini inovimbisa kuti kurasikirwa kwakazara kunoramba kuri mukati memiganhu inogamuchirwa. Kugara uchiyedzwa nemamita emagetsi emagetsi kunosimbisa kutevedzera mabhajeti aya, kuchengetedza kushanda kweiyofiber optic chigamba tambonetwork.
Kutaura neConnector Wear muFiber Optic Patch Cords
Zviratidzo Zvema Connectors
Zvibatanidza zvakasakaramune fiber optic masisitimu kazhinji inoratidza zviratidzo zvakajeka zvekuora. Kusvibiswa pane ferrule, kukwenya pane chinongedzo chekupedzisira kumeso, uye kushomeka kwefiber alignment zviratidzo zvinozivikanwa. Nyaya idzi dzinogona kuvhara kana kuparadzira masaini emwenje, zvichitungamira mukurasikirwa kukuru kwekuita. Dirty connectors, semuenzaniso, zvinogona kukonzera kurasikirwa kwekuisa kudarika iyo yakakurudzirwa 0.3 dB, nepo kurasikirwa kwekudzoka kunogona kudonha pasi pe45 dB, kukanganisa simba rechiratidzo. Vanamazvikokota vanowanzo shandisa zvishandiso seVisual Fault Locators (VFLs) uye Optical Time Domain Reflectometers (OTDRs) kuona matambudziko aya. Kurasikirwa kweConnector, kazhinji kubva pa0.25 kusvika pamusoro pe1.5 dB, kazhinji kunoguma netsvina, kuiswa zvisina kunaka, kana kusarongeka.
Maintenance yeKurebesa Connector Hupenyu
Kugadzirisa kwakakodzera kwakakosha kuwedzera hupenyu hwefiber optic connectors. Kugara kucheneswa kwekubatanidza kunopera kunobvisa huruva nemafuta, ayo anoverengera 85% yeattenuation kurasikirwa nyaya. Kuongorora kwekuona kunobatsira kuona kukuvadzwa kwemuviri nekukurumidza, kudzivirira kuwedzera kuderera. Kuronga nguva nenguva yekuyedzwa kwechiratidzo kunovimbisa kuita kunoenderana uye kunoderedza nguva yekudzikira. Kuchengeta hutsanana uye kuita cheki yenguva dzose inzira dzakasimbiswa dzekudzikisa kusakara uye kurebesa hupenyu hwefiber optic patch tambo.
Kutsiva Akasakara kana Akakuvadzwa Zvibatanidza
Kana zvibatanidza zvichiratidza kukuvara kunooneka, senge ngura kana kukwenya kwakadzika, kutsiva kunova kwakakosha. Technicians vanofanirwa kutevedzera yakarongeka nzira:
- Ita ongororo yekuona kuona kukuvara kana kusvibiswa.
- Ita bvunzo dzekuita, kusanganisira kubata kuramba uye insulation kuramba cheki.
- Ongorora ma mechanical zvikamu zvekupfeka kana kukanganisa.
- Tsiva zvikamu zvakakuvadzwa nekukasira kuti udzorere kushanda.
- Unganidzazve zvibatanidza zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa nemugadziri.
Panyaya dzakaoma, kubvunza nyanzvi kunovimbisa kugadziriswa kwakakodzera. Kuchengeta rekodhi yemaitiro ekuongororwa kunobatsira kudzivirira matambudziko emangwana uye kunovimbisa kuvimbika kwefiber optic chigamba tambo network.
Kudzivisa Kuisa Zvikanganiso muFiber Optic Patch Cord Setups
Zvakajairika Kuisa Zvikanganiso
Installation kukanganisainogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya kushanda kwefiber optic system. Ongororo dzichangobva kuitika dzinoratidza zvikanganiso zvinowanzoitika:
- Imwe Single Strand Fiber Device Inofanirwa Kushandiswa Pairi: Mismatched transceivers kazhinji inotungamira mukutadza kwekuisa.
- Usashandise Single-Mode Fiber pamusoro peMultimode Fiber: Mhando dzefiber dzisingaenderane dzinoguma nekudonhedza mapaketi uye zvikanganiso.
- Nzwisisa Mhando dzese dzeFiber Connectors Kutanga: Zivo chaiyo yemhando dzekubatanidza inovimbisa kuisirwa kwakaringana.
- Connector Links uye Splice Nguva Inobatawo: Yakawandisa yekubatanidza uye splices inowedzera kurasikirwa kwechiratidzo.
Pamusoro pezvo, maitiro ekuchenesa asina kunaka uye nzira dzisiridzo dzekudhonza tambo dzinowanzokonzera nyaya dzekubatanidza. Dirty fiber endfaces yega inoverengera 85% yeattenuation kurasikirwa, ichisimbisa kukosha kwehutsanana panguva yekuiswa.
Kukosha Kwekudzidziswa Kwakakodzera
Kudzidzira kwakafanira kunoshongedzera nyanzvi nehunyanzvi hunodiwa kuti vadzivise makomba ekuisa. Zvirongwa zvekudzidzisa zvinotarisa pakucheka uye kubatanidza matekiniki, kuve nechokwadi chekubatana chaiko. Technicians anodzidzawo kushandisa maturusi semamita emagetsi uye anoona kukanganisa locators, ayo anobatsira kuona nekugadzirisa nyaya panguva yekuisa. Pasina kudzidziswa kwakakwana, kukanganisa kunogona kutungamirira kune inodhura nguva, kunyanya munzvimbo dze data. Kudzidziswa kuchengetedza kunowedzera kuderedza njodzi, kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedza nzvimbo yekushanda kune vanoisa.
Maitiro Akanakisisa eKuisa
Kunamatiramaitiro akanakainovimbisa yakavimbika fiber optic chigamba tambo setups. Tafura inotevera inotsanangura maitiro akasimbiswa uye mabhenefiti avo:
| Best Practice | Uchapupu |
|---|---|
| Utsanana | Dirty fiber endfaces account ye85% yeattenuation kurasikirwa nyaya. |
| Zvakakodzera Kuedza Protocol | Bi-directional OTDR kuyedza uye yekupedzisira-kusvika-kumagumo yekuisa kurasikirwa bvunzo inovandudza chokwadi. |
| Kuderedza Bend Radius | Kuremekedza iyo shoma bend radius inodzivirira mukati megirazi fiber kukuvara. |
| Kugadzirisa Kudhonza Tension | Kudzivisa simba rakawandisa rinochengetedza tambo yekuvimbika. |
Pre-installation kuronga uye yakazara saiti ongororo inodzivirirawo zvinonetsa. Kunyora mhedzisiro yebvunzo kune ese akaisirwa mafiber segment kunovimbisa kuzvidavirira uye kunorerutsa dambudziko remangwana.
Mamwe Mazano eKugadzirisa Mazano eFiber Optic Patch Cords
Kutarisa Matambo Akadzimwa
Akadimburwa tambo inyaya yakajairika inogona kukanganisa network kuita. Technicians vanofanirwa kutanga nekutarisa nekuona zvese zvinongedzo kuti vaone kuti tambo dzakavharirwa zvakachengeteka mumadoko avo. Yakasununguka kana isina kugarwa zvibatanidza zvinokonzeresa kurasikirwa kwechiratidzo. Kushandisa Visual Fault Locator (VFL) kunogona kubatsira kuona tambo dzakabviswa kana dzakatyoka nekuburitsa mwenje dzvuku unooneka kuburikidza nefiber. Ichi chishandiso chinosimbisa chero mabreak kana kudimbura, zvichibvumira kugadzirisa nekukurumidza. Kugara uchinyora tambo zvakare kunoderedza njodzi yekudzima netsaona panguva yekugadzirisa.
Kuongorora Patch Panel yeKukanganisa Kubatanidza
Patch panelstamba basa rakakosha mukuronga nekugadzirisa zvinongedzo zvefiber optic. Kukanganisa kubatana mukati meaya mapaneru kunogona kutungamira kune kuderedzwa kwechiratidzo kana kutadza kwenetiweki. Vanamazvikokota vanofanirwa kuongorora zvigamba mapaneru kuona zviratidzo zvekupfeka, senge akabhenda kana akakuvadzwa majoini. Kunyatsoongorora kwekuona pasi pekukudza kunogona kuratidza makwara kana kusvibiswa pane yekubatanidza nzvimbo. Zvishandiso zvakaita seOptical Power Meters (OPMs) uye Optical Time Domain Reflectometers (OTDRs) zvakakosha pakuyedza simba rechiratidzo uye nekunongedza kukanganisa mukati mechigamba. Kugadzirisa nguva dzose kunovimbisa kuti zvigamba mapaneru anoramba ari muchimiro chakanaka, achideredza mukana wekuita nyaya.
Kuve nechokwadi cheKutapura Simba Rakakwana
Simba rekufambisa rakakwana rakakosha kuchengetedza yakavimbika fiber optic network. Vanamazvikokota vanofanira kuyera simba rechiratidzo panzvimbo dzakasiyana vachishandisa Optical Power Meter kuona chero kurasikirwa kana kukanganisa. Insertion kurasikirwa kuyedzwa kunogona kuwedzera kuongorora maitiro ezvibatanidza uye splices pasimba rechiratidzo. Matanho ekudzivirira, akadai sekuchenesa majoini ane lint-yemahara wipes uye yekuchenesa mvura, anobatsira kuchengetedza akanyanya masimba masimba. Kugara uine ruzivo nezve kufambira mberi kwefiber optic tekinoroji kunovimbisa kushandiswa kwemidziyo inoshanda, inosimudzira kuita kwesetiweki.
Zano: Kugara uchivandudza maitiro ekugadzirisa uye kuomerera kune indasitiri zviyero zvinogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya kuvimbika kwefiber optic chigamba tambo yekubatanidza.
Kubudirira kugadzirisa dambudziko kunovimbisa kuvimbika kwefiber optic chigamba tambo. Kuongororwa nguva dzose, kusanganisira kutarisa kwekuona uye kuchenesa kwekubatanidza, chengetedza kushanda kwakakwana. Kubata kwakakodzera kunodzivirira kusvibiswa uye kukuvadzwa, kuve nechokwadi chekusakanganiswa kwechiratidzo chekufambisa. Dowell inopa yepamusoro-mhando fiber optic mhinduro, inovimbwa nekusimba kwavo uye nemazvo.
Maitiro Anokosha:
- Hutsanana uye kwakakodzera magumo-chiso geometry
- Kuomerera kune indasitiri zviyero
FAQ
Chii chinonyanya kukonzera kutadza kwefiber optic patch cord?
Kusvibiswa pazviso zvekubatanidza kumagumo ndicho chikonzero chikuru. Guruva, oiri, uye marara anovharira kutapurirana mwenje, zvichikonzera kurasikirwa kwechiratidzo uye kuderera kwekuita.
Kangani mafiber optic anofanirwa kucheneswa?
Technicians vanofanirayakachena connectorspamberi pese kubatana kana bvunzo. Kugara kuchenesa kunodzivirira kusvibiswa, kuve nechokwadi chekufambisa kwemasaini uye kuderedza njodzi yenyaya dzetiweki.
Ko tambo dzefiber optic dzaparara dzinogona kugadziriswa here?
Kukuvadzwa kudiki, semakwara, dzimwe nguva kunogona kukwenenzverwa. Nekudaro, kukuvara kwakanyanya, senge mabreak, kazhinji kunoda kutsiva tambo kudzoreredza kushanda.
Zano: Nguva dzoseongorora tambo nezvibatanidzapanguva yekugadziriswa kwechinyakare kuti uone zvingangoitika matambudziko nekukurumidza.
Nguva yekutumira: Mar-29-2025